Anatol Rapoport Quotes

• To gain knowledge, we must learn to ask the right questions; and to get answers, we must act, not wait for answers to occur to us.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Knowledge, Waiting, Answers

  "Modern Systems Theory - An Outlook for Coping with Change". "Revue Francaise de Sociologie", (p. 16), October 1969.

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• The moral development of a civilization is measured by the breadth of its sense of community.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Moral Development, Civilization, Community

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• Whether game theory leads to clear-cut solutions, to vague solutions, or to impasses, it does achieve one thing. In bringing techniques of logical and mathematical analysis gives men an opportunity to bring conflicts up from the level of fights, where the intellect is beclouded by passions, to the level of games, where the intellect has a chance to operate.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Passion, Cutting, Fighting

  "The Use and Misuse of Game Theory". Scientific American, (p. 114), December 1962.

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• (Game theory is) essentially a structural theory. It uncovers the logical structure of a great variety of conflict situations and describes this structure in mathematical terms. Sometimes the logical structure of a conflict situation admits rational decisions; sometimes it does not.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Games, Decision, Doe

  "Prisoner's dilemma: A study in conflict and cooperation" by Anatol Rapoport, Albert S. Chammah, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, (p. 196), 1965.

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• Cooperate on move one; thereafter, do whatever the other player did the previous move.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Moving, Player

  The two commands for his computer program,Tit forTat, designed at the University ofToronto. It outperformed all other programs at an international computer tournament in1979, and it continues to excel in tournaments.The programinitiates reciprocal cooperation yet responds in kind to provocation.

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• The first attempts to consider the behavior of so-called "random neural nets" in a systematic way have led to a series of problems concerned with relations between the "structure" and the "function" of such nets. The "structure" of a random net is not a clearly defined topological manifold such as could be used to describe a circuit with explicitly given connections. In a random neural net, one does not speak of "this" neuron synapsing on "that" one, but rather in terms of tendencies and probabilities associated with points or regions in the net.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Doe, Neurons, Systematic

  "The bulletin of mathematical biophysics" by Anatol Rapoport, (pp. 145-157), 1948.

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• The "flow of information" through human communication channels is enormous. So far no theory exists, to our knowledge, which attributes any sort of unambiguous measure to this "flow".

  Anatol Rapoport

  Communication, Flow, Information

  "Modern Systems Research for the Behavioral Scientist" by Anatol Rapoport, (p. 139), 1969.

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• The purpose of formulating [a] conflict as a game is not that of resolving the conflict by 'solving the game.' It is that of displaying the structure of the conflict and thereby exposing features of it that may be concealed by rhetoric. In particular, appreciation of the peculiar structure of some of the so-called mixed - motive conflicts represented nonzero-sum games may change the conflicting parties' perception of their situation.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Appreciation, Party, Games

  "Advances in Reversal Theory" by M.J. Apter, ‎J.H. Kerr, ‎S. Murgatroyd, (p. 63-64), 1993.

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• Do you know that all great spurts in...progress came just after some unorthodox ideas or exotic impressions had penetrated into a closed system?

  Anatol Rapoport

  Ideas, Progress, Unorthodox

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• One cannot play chess if one becomes aware of the pieces as living souls and of the fact that the Whites and the Blacks have more in common with each other than with the players. Suddenly one loses all interest in who will be champion.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Life, Peace, War

  "Strategy and Conscience" by Anatol Rapoport, Harper & Row, (p. 195), 1964.

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• It is misleading in a crucial way to view information as something that can be poured into an empty vessel, like a fluid or even energy.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Views, Empty Vessels, Information

  "Holistic Darwinism" by Peter Corning, (p. 364), 2010.

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• Centralization of society's vital services in giant computer centers, reservoirs, nuclear power plants, air- traffic control centers, 100-story skyscrapers, and government compounds increases its vulnerability. ... choosing his targets, today's saboteur could pollute a city's water supply, dynamite power transmission towers, cripple an airport control center, destroy a corporate or government computer center.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Airports, Government, Cities

  "Computer crime" by Gerald McKnight, (p. 203), 1973.

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• Although the drama of games of strategy is strongly linked with the psychological aspects of the conflict, game theory is not concerned with these aspects. Game theory, so to speak, plays the board. It is concerned only with the logical aspects of strategy.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Drama, Games, Play

  "The Use and Misuse of Game Theory". Scientific American, (p. 110), December 1962.

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• It is the shortcomings of game theory (as originally formulated) which force the consideration of the role of ethics, of the dynamics of social structure, and of social structure and of individual psychology in situations of conflict.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Games, Psychology, Dynamics

  Anatol Rapoport (1974). “Fights, Games, and Debates”, p.12, University of Michigan Press

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• A thorough understanding of game theory, should dim these greedy hopes. Knowledge of game theory does not make one a better card player, businessman or military strategist.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Military, Player, Games

  "The Use and Misuse of Game Theory". Scientific American, (p. 108), December 1962.

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• The military forces of the revolutionary adversary are diffuse. One is never sure whether one has destroyed them unless one is ready to destroy a large portion of the population, and this usually conflicts with the political aim of the war and hence also violates a fundamental Clausewitzian principle.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Military, War, Political

  "Cloning Terror: The War of Images, 9/11 to the Present" by William John Thomas Mitchel, (p. viii), 2011.

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• The outstanding feature of behavior is that it is often quite easy to recognize but extremely difficult or impossible to describe with precision.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Impossible, Easy, Behavior

  "Toward Definition of Mind" edited by Jordan Ma Scher, Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, (p. 92), 1962.

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• The outcome of a non-constant-sum game may be dictated by the individual rationality of the respective players without satisfying a criterion of collective rationality.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Player, Games, Outcomes

  "Game Theory as a Theory of Conflict Resolution" by Anatol Rapoport, (p. 4), 1974.

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• On the question of whether a behavioral science can in principle be constructed, we shall take no sides. That some kinds of human behavior can be described and even predicted in terms of objectively verifiable and quantifiable data seems to us to have been established.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Data, Principles, Sides

  Anatol Rapoport, Albert M. Chammah (1965). “Prisoner's Dilemma: A Study in Conflict and Cooperation”, p.5, University of Michigan Press

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• The transition from the concept of information in the technical (communication engineering) sense to the semantic (theory of meaning) sense was indeed difficult, if not impossible.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Communication, Engineering, Information

  "Readings in interpersonal & organizational communication" by Richard C. Huseman, (p. 35), 1977.

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• In the US. Infantry Manual published during World War II, the soldier was told what to do if a live grenade fell into the trench where he and others were sitting: to wrap himself around the grenade so as to at least save the others. (If no one "volunteered," all would be killed, and there were only a few seconds to decide who would be the hero.)

  Anatol Rapoport

  War, Hero, Soldier

  Anatol Rapoport's statement (1988) as quoted in William Poundstone "Prisoner's Dilemma", 1992.

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• The usefulness of the models in constructing a testable theory of the process is severely limited by the quickly increasing number of parameters which must be estimated in order to compare the predictions of the models with empirical results.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Numbers, Order, Theory

  Anatol Rapoport, Albert M. Chammah (1965). “Prisoner's Dilemma: A Study in Conflict and Cooperation”, p.150, University of Michigan Press

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• [It is a] well-known fact that the likely contacts of two individuals who are closely acquainted tend to be more overlapping than those of two arbitrarily selected individuals.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Two, Facts, Well Known

  "Social Networks: A Developing Paradigm" by Samuel Leinhardt, (p. 350), 1977.

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• It is one thing to say that the dwelling has symbolic and cosmological aspects... and another to say that it has been erected for ritual purposes and is neither shelter nor dwelling but a temple.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Dwelling, Temples, Purpose

  "Architecture and Order: Approaches to Social Space" by Michael Parker Pearson, ‎Colin Richards, (p. 49), 2003.

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• A theorem is a proposition which is a strict logical consequence of certain definitions and other propositions.

  Anatol Rapoport

  Definitions, Logical, Certain

  "Various meanings of 'theory'". American Political Science Review, 52.04, 1958.

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