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  • Real investment risk is measured not by the percent that a stock may decline in price in relation to the general market in a given period, but by the danger of a loss of quality and earnings power through economic changes or deterioration in management.

    Benjamin Graham, Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts, Financial Analysts Research Foundation (1974). “The Renaissance of value: the proceedings of a seminar on the economy, interest rates, portfolio management, and bonds vs common stocks, September 18, 1974”