Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.
Self-belief does not necessarily ensure success, but self-disbelief assuredly spawns failure.
In order to succeed, people need a sense of self-efficacy, to struggle together with resilience to meet the inevitable obstacles and inequities of life.
People’s beliefs about their abilities have a profound effect on those abilities.
People not only gain understanding through reflection, they evaluate and alter their own thinking.
What people think, believe, and feel affects how they behave. The natural and extrinsic effects of their actions, in turn, partly determine their thought patterns and affective reactions.
Humans are producers of their life circumstance not just products of them.
People with high assurance in their capabilities approach difficult tasks as challenges to be mastered rather than as threats to be avoided.
People who believe they have the power to exercise some measure of control over their lives are healthier, more effective and more successful than those who lack faith in their ability to effect changes in their lives.
People judge their capabilities partly by comparing their performances with those of others
Psychology cannot tell people how they ought to live their lives. It can however, provide them with the means for effecting personal and social change.
Most of the images of reality on which we base our actions are really based on vicarious experience.
We are more heavily invested in the theories of failure than we are in the theories of success.
Such knowledge is probably gained in several ways. One process undoubtedly operates through social comparison of success and failure experiences. Children repeatedly observe their own behavior and the attainments of others
If self-efficacy is lacking, people tend to behave ineffectually, even though they know what to do.
The content of most textbooks is perishable, but the tools of self-directedness serve one well over time.
People who hold a low view of themselves [will credit] their achievements to external factors, rather than to their own capabilities.
After people become convinced they have what it takes to succeed, they persevere in the face of adversity and quickly rebound from setbacks. By sticking it out through tough times, they emerge stronger from adversity.
Perceived self-efficacy in coping with potential threats leads people to approach such situations anxiously, and experience of disruptive arousal may further lower their sense of efficacy that they will be able to perform skillfully
Self-efficacy is the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the sources of action required to manage prospective situations.
From the social cognitive perspective, it is mainly perceived inefficacy to cope with potentially aversive events that makes them fearsome. To the extent that people believe they can prevent, terminate, or lessen the severity of aversive events, they have little reason to be perturbed by them. But if they believe they are unable to manage threats safely, they have much cause for apprehension.
People's conceptions about themselves and the nature of things are developed and verified through four different processes: direct experience of the effects produced by their actions, vicarious experience of the effects produced by somebody else's actions, judgments voiced by others, and derivation of further knowledge from what they already know by using rules of inference
Self-appraisals are influenced by evaluative reactions of others.
Coping with the demands of everyday life would be exceedingly trying if one could arrive at solutions to problems only by actually performing possible options and suffering the consequences.
Once established, reputations do not easily change.
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