When strong, avoid them. If of high morale, depress them. Seem humble to fill them with conceit. If at ease, exhaust them. If united, separate them. Attack their weaknesses. Emerge to their surprise.
No ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen; no general should fight a battle simply out of pique. If it is to your advantage, make a forward move; if not, stay where you are. Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may be succeeded by content. But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being; nor can the dead ever be brought back to life.
There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune on his army: By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army. By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier's minds. By employing the officers of his army without discrimination, through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.
A military operation involves deception. Even though you are competent, appear to be incompetent. Though effective, appear to be ineffective.
Thus the expert in battle moves the enemy, and is not moved by him.
All war is deception.
Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.
Factors in the art of warfare are: First, calculations; second, quantities; third, logistics; fourth, the balance of power; and fifth, the possibility of victory is based on the balance of power.
The business of a general is to kick away the ladder behind soldiers when they have climbed up a height.
It is the business of a general to be serene and inscrutable, impartial and self-controlled.
If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be to your disadvantage.
He who knows things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practices them, will surely be defeated.
When you surround an army, leave an outlet free. Do not press a desperate foe too hard.
The military has no constant form, just as water has no constant shape - adapt as you face the enemy, without letting them know beforehand what you are going to do.
Of all those in the army close to the commander, none is more intimate than the secret agent.
Invincibility lies in the defense; the possibility of victory in the attack.
When one treats people with benevolence, justice and righteousness, and reposes confidence in them, the army will be united in mind and all will be happy to serve their leaders.
If you are far from the enemy, make him believe you are near.
To fight and conquer in all our battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting.
All men can see these tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved.
If the enemy opens the door, you must race in.
What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.
He who is prudent and lies in wait for an enemy who is not, will be victorious.
Those who do not know the plans of competitors cannot prepare alliances. Those who do not know the lay of the land cannot maneuver their forces. Those who do not use local guides cannot take advantage of the ground.
As water has no constant form, there are in war no constant conditions.
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